Broadcasting Instructions/Data to a Plurality of Processors in a Multiprocessor Device Via Aliasing

ABSTRACT

A mechanism for broadcasting instructions/data to a plurality of processors in a multiprocessor device via aliasing is provided. In order to broadcast data to a plurality of processors, a control processor writes to the registers that store the identifiers of the processors and sets two or more of these registers to a same value. The control processor may write the desired data/instructions to be broadcast to a portion of memory corresponding to the starting address associated with the processor identifier of the two or more processors. When the two or more processors look for a starting address of their local store from which to read the two or more processors will identify the same starting address, essentially aliasing the memory region. The two or more processors will read the instructions/data from the same aliased memory region starting at the identified starting address and process the same instructions/data.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present application relates generally to an improved data processingsystem and method. More specifically, the present application isdirected to a system and method for broadcasting instructions/data to aplurality of processors in a multiprocessor device via aliasing.

2. Description of Related Art

The recent trend in computing devices is to provide multiple processorsin a single computing device that may each execute differentinstructions at substantially the same time. By providing multipleprocessors in this way, greater speed of execution of instructions isachieved by distributing an application across multiple processors.

One type of multiprocessor system is the symmetric multiprocessor (SMP)system in which two or more identical processors are connected to asingle shared main memory. Most common multiprocessor systems today usean SMP architecture. SMP systems allow any processor to work on any taskno matter where the data for that task is located in memory. With properoperating system support, SMP systems can easily move tasks betweenprocessors to balance the work load efficiently. On the downside, memoryis much slower than the processors accessing them, and evensingle-processor machines tend to spend a considerable amount of timewaiting for data to arrive from memory. SMP makes this worse, asmultiple processors are competing for one set of resources.

Different types of memory organization are used in SMP systems. One suchtype is Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) systems which dedicatedifferent memory banks to different processors. This allows processorsto access memory in parallel, which can dramatically improve memorythroughput if the data is localized to specific processes and thus,specific processors. On the downside, NUMA makes the cost of moving datafrom one processor to another more expensive, meaning that balancing aworkload is more expensive. The benefits of NUMA are limited toparticular workloads, notably on servers where the data is oftenassociated strongly with certain tasks or users.

Other systems include asymmetric or asymmetrical multiprocessing (ASMP)systems in which separate specialized processors are used for specifictasks. Moreover, computer clustered multiprocessing (e.g., Beowulf), inwhich not all memory is available to all processors, is another type ofasymmetric multiprocessing system. The former is not widely used orsupported, although the high-powered 3D chipsets in modern videocardscould be considered a form of asymmetric multiprocessing. The latter isused fairly extensively to build very large supercomputers.

In these types of multiprocessor systems, the concern is the ability todistribute the processing load across a plurality of processors byhaving each processor process different instructions and different data.Thus, these systems are not configured to allow for the broadcasting ofa singular dataset to a plurality of processors in the multiprocessorsystem. In fact, the bus architecture in such systems typically preventsbroadcasting of instructions and/or data to a plurality of processorssince it is necessary to be able to distinguish between processors inorder to perform load distribution and load balancing operations.

SUMMARY

The illustrative embodiments provide a system and method forbroadcasting instructions/data to a plurality of processors in amultiprocessor device via aliasing. In one illustrative embodiment, amemory mapped input/output (MMIO) register is provided for each of theprocessors in a multiprocessor system that stores an identifier of theparticular processor within the multiprocessor system. Another MMIOregister is provided that identifies the size of the local storesassociated with the plurality of processor. These MMIO registers areused by the processors to define a starting address for the local storeassociated with particular processors.

In order to broadcast data to a plurality of processors within themultiprocessor system, a processor controlling the broadcast, e.g., acontrol processor, writes to the MMIO registers that store theidentifiers of the various processors and sets two or more of these MMIOregisters to a same value, thereby temporarily identifying the localstorage area of two or more processors to be the same. The controlprocessor may write the desired data and/or instructions to bebroadcast, such as via a direct memory access (DMA) write operation, toa portion of memory corresponding to the starting address associatedwith the local storage starting address identifier of the two or moreprocessors.

In this way, when the two or more processors look for a starting addressof their local store from which to read instructions/data to process,the two or more processors will identify the same starting address,essentially aliasing a memory region between the two or more processors.The two or more processors will read the instructions/data from the samealiased memory address space starting at the identified starting addressand process the same instructions/data.

Thereafter, once the broadcast operation has been completed, the controlprocessor may then reset the MMIO registers storing the identifiers ofthe two or more processors back to their original values. Normaloperation of the multiprocessor system may then be resumed.

In one illustrative embodiment, a method, in a multiprocessor system,for broadcasting data to a plurality of processors is provided. Themethod may comprise modifying, for each processor of the plurality ofprocessors, a starting address for a memory region assigned to theprocessor to be a common starting address for each of the plurality ofprocessors. Data to be broadcast to the plurality of processors may bewritten to a memory region corresponding to the common starting address.After writing the data to be broadcast to the memory regioncorresponding to the common starting address, the starting address forthe memory region assigned to each processor may be modified to be anoriginal starting address that is not common among the plurality ofprocessors. The plurality of processors may be a subset of all of theprocessors in the multiprocessor system.

Modifying the starting address for a memory region may comprise writingto an identifier register associated with a processor, a commonidentifier value. The common identifier value may be the same for eachof the processors in the plurality of processors. The starting addressmay be determined by the following relationship:

starting address=identifier*size+base_offset

where the identifier is an identifier value for a processor provided inan identifier register associated with the processor, size is a size ofa memory region associated with the processor, and base_offset is anoffset address value for a first memory region.

Modifying, for each processor of the plurality of processors, thestarting address for the memory region assigned to the processor to bean original starting address that is not common among the plurality ofprocessors may comprise providing the identifier register associatedwith the processor as independent of the memory region associated withthe processor. An original identifier value may be written to theidentifier register to thereby modify the starting address for thememory region assigned to the processor to be the original startingaddress.

Modifying, for each processor of the plurality of processors, thestarting address for the memory region assigned to the processor to bean original starting address that is not common among the plurality ofprocessors may comprise placing all of the processors in the pluralityof processors into a State Retained and Isolated (SRI) mode of operationexcept for one processor. An original identifier value may be written tothe memory region associated with the processors. The one processor mayread the original identifier value and set its identifier value in theidentifier register to the original identifier value. The placing,writing and reading steps may be repeated iteratively such that eachprocessor in the plurality of processors has its identifier valuereturned to an original identifier value.

The multiprocessor system may be a multiprocessor system having acontrol processor and a plurality of co-processors. The plurality ofco-processors may constitute the plurality of processors. Themultiprocessor system may be a heterogeneous multiprocessor system inwhich the plurality of co-processors operate using a differentinstruction set from the control processor.

In other illustrative embodiments, a computer program product comprisinga computer useable medium having a computer readable program isprovided. The computer readable program, when executed on a computingdevice, causes the computing device to perform various ones, andcombinations of, the operations outlined above with regard to the methodillustrative embodiment.

In still other illustrative embodiments, a multiprocessor computingsystem is provided that includes a control processor and a plurality ofco-processors coupled to the control processor. The control processormay perform various ones, and combinations of, the operations outlinedin the method illustrative embodiment described above.

In yet another illustrative embodiment, a method, in a multiprocessorsystem, is provided for broadcasting data to a plurality of processorshaving a shared memory. The method may comprise modifying, for eachprocessor of the plurality of processors, a starting address for amemory region, in the shared memory, assigned to the processor, suchthat each of the plurality of processors has a common starting addressin the shared memory. Data may be written to the memory regionidentified by the common starting address, thereby broadcasting the datato the plurality of processors. In response to writing data to thememory region identified by the common starting address, the startingaddress for the memory region assigned to each processor may be modifiedsuch that each processor has a unique starting address in the sharedmemory.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will bedescribed in, or will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in theart in view of, the following detailed description of the exemplaryembodiments of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are setforth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well asa preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, willbest be understood by reference to the following detailed description ofan illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating a Cell BroadbandEngine (CBE) architecture in which an illustrative embodiment may beimplemented;

FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram of a memory flow controller of asynergistic processor element in accordance with one illustrativeembodiment;

FIG. 3 is an exemplary diagram illustrating an synergistic processingunit identification register in accordance with one illustrativeembodiment;

FIGS. 4A-4C are exemplary diagrams illustrating a mechanism forbroadcasting data to a plurality of processors in a multiprocessorsystem in accordance with one illustrative embodiment; and

FIG. 5 is a flowchart outlining an exemplary operation for broadcastingdata to a plurality of processors in a multiprocessor system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The illustrative embodiments provide a system and method forbroadcasting instructions/data to processors in a multiprocessor system.The illustrative embodiments may be used with any multiprocessor systemin which a modifiable mechanism is provided for uniquely identifyingeach of the processors of the multiprocessor system. One suchmultiprocessor system in which the illustrative embodiments may beimplemented is the Cell Broadband Engine (CBE) architecture availablefrom International Business Machines, Inc. of Armonk, N.Y. The CBEarchitecture will be used as an example multiprocessor processing systemin which the illustrative embodiments are implemented for purposes ofthis description. However, it should be appreciated that theillustrative embodiments are not limited to use with the CBEarchitecture and may be used with other multiprocessor systems withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

FIG. 1 is an exemplary block diagram of a data processing system inwhich aspects of the present invention may be implemented. The exemplarydata processing system shown in FIG. 1 is an example of the CellBroadband Engine (CBE) data processing system. While the CBE will beused in the description of the preferred embodiments of the presentinvention, the present invention is not limited to such, as will bereadily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading thefollowing description.

As shown in FIG. 1, the CBE 100 includes a power processor element (PPE)110 having a processor (PPU) 116 and its L1 and L2 caches 112 and 114,and multiple synergistic processor elements (SPEs) 120-134 that each hasits own synergistic processor unit (SPU) 140-154, memory flow control155-162, local memory or store (LS) 163-170, and bus interface unit (BIUunit) 180-194 which may be, for example, a combination direct memoryaccess (DMA), memory management unit (MMU), and bus interface unit. Ahigh bandwidth internal element interconnect bus (EIB) 196, a businterface controller (BIC) 197, and a memory interface controller (MIC)198 are also provided.

The local memory or local store (LS) 163-170 is a non-coherentaddressable portion of a large memory map which, physically, may beprovided as small memories coupled to the SPUs 140-154. The local stores163-170 may be mapped to different address spaces. These address regionsare continuous in a non-aliased configuration. A local store 163-170 isassociated with its corresponding SPU 140-154 and SPE 120-134 by itsaddress location, such as via the SPU Identification Register, describedin greater detail hereafter. Any resource in the system has the abilityto read/write from/to the local store 163-170 as long as the local storeis not placed in a secure mode of operation, in which case only itsassociated SPU may access the local store 163-170 or a designatedsecured portion of the local store 163-170.

The CBE 100 may be a system-on-a-chip such that each of the elementsdepicted in FIG. 1 may be provided on a single microprocessor chip.Moreover, the CBE 100 is a heterogeneous processing environment in whicheach of the SPUs may receive different instructions from each of theother SPUs in the system. Moreover, the instruction set for the SPUs maybe different from that of the PPU, e.g., the PPU may execute ReducedInstruction Set Computer (RISC) based instructions while the SPU executevectorized instructions.

The SPEs 120-134 are coupled to each other and to the L2 cache 114 viathe EIB 196. In addition, the SPEs 120-134 are coupled to MIC 198 andBIC 197 via the EIB 196. The MIC 198 provides a communication interfaceto shared memory 199. The BIC 197 provides a communication interfacebetween the CBE 100 and other external buses and devices.

The PPE 110 is a dual threaded PPE 110. The combination of this dualthreaded PPE 110 and the eight SPEs 120-134 makes the CBE 100 capable ofhandling 10 simultaneous threads and over 128 outstanding memoryrequests. The PPE 110 acts as a controller for the other eight SPEs120-134 which handle most of the computational workload. The PPE 110 maybe used to run conventional operating systems while the SPEs 120-134perform vectorized floating point code execution, for example.

The SPEs 120-134 comprise a synergistic processing unit (SPU) 140-154,memory flow control units 155-162, local memory or store 163-170, and aninterface unit 180-194. The local memory or store 163-170, in oneexemplary embodiment, comprises a 256 KB instruction and data memorywhich is visible to the PPE 110 and can be addressed directly bysoftware.

The PPE 110 may load the SPEs 120-134 with small programs or threads,chaining the SPEs together to handle each step in a complex operation.For example, a set-top box incorporating the CBE 100 may load programsfor reading a DVD, video and audio decoding, and display, and the datawould be passed off from SPE to SPE until it finally ended up on theoutput display. At 4 GHz, each SPE 120-134 gives a theoretical 32 GFLOPSof performance with the PPE 110 having a similar level of performance.

The memory flow control units (MFCs) 155-162 serve as an interface foran SPU to the rest of the system and other elements. The MFCs 155-162provide the primary mechanism for data transfer, protection, andsynchronization between main storage and the local storages 163-170.There is logically an MFC for each SPU in a processor. Someimplementations can share resources of a single MFC between multipleSPUs. In such a case, all the facilities and commands defined for theMFC must appear independent to software for each SPU. The effects ofsharing an MFC are limited to implementation-dependent facilities andcommands.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram of a typical memory flow control(MFC) unit 200 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention. In this exemplary embodiment, the MFC 200 has two interfaces210 and 212 to the SPU, two interfaces 214 and 216 to the Bus InterfaceUnit (BIU) 220, and two interfaces 222 and 224 to an optional SL1 cache230. The SPU interfaces 210 and 212 are the SPU channel interface 210and the SPU local storage interface 212. The SPU channel interface 210allows the SPU to access MFC facilities and to issue MFC commands. TheSPU local storage interface 212 is used by the MFC 200 to access thelocal storage in the SPU. One interface 216 to the BIU 220 allows MemoryMapped I/O (MMIO) access to the MFC facilities. This interface 216 alsoallows other processors to issue MFC commands. Commands issued usingMMIO are referred to as MFC proxy commands.

The interfaces 222 and 224 to the SL1 cache are mainly for datatransfers. One interface 222 is used by the MFC 200 for access to theaddress translation tables in main storage and the other 224 is used forthe transfer of data between main storage and local storage.

As shown in FIG. 2, the main units in a typical MFC include a memorymapped input/output (MMIO) interface 240, MFC registers 250, and DMAcontroller 260. The MMIO interface 230 maps the MFC facilities of theSPU into the real address space of the system. This allows access to theMFC facilities from any processor, or any device in the system. Inaddition, the MMIO interface 240 may be configured to map the localstorage of the SPU into the real address space. This allows directaccess to the local storage from any processor or any device in thesystem, enabling local-store-to-local-store transfers and the abilityfor I/O devices to directly access the local storage domain of an SPU.

The MFC registers unit 250 contains most of the MFC facilities. Ofparticular importance to the present invention, the MFC registers unit250 includes an SPU local storage limit register facility. With thisfacility, privileged software may set a limit on the size of the localstorage of the SPE, as will be described in greater detail hereafter.

The synchronization and the transfer of data is generally theresponsibility of the DMAC 260 within the MFC 200. The DMAC 260 can movedata between the local storage of an SPU and the main storage area.Optionally, the data can be cached in the SL1 cache.

The SPE and PPE instruct the MFC 200 to perform these DMA operations byqueuing DMA command requests to the MFC through one of the commandqueues 270 and 280. Commands issued by an SPE are queued to the MFC SPUcommand queue 270. Commands issued by a PPE are queued to the MFC proxycommand queue 280. The MFC uses a memory mapping unit (MMU) 290 toperform all MFC address translations and MFC access protection checksrequired for the DMA transfers.

MFC commands provide the main method that enables code executing in aSPU to access main storage and maintain synchronization with otherprocessors and devices in the system. Commands are also provided tomanage optional caches. MFC commands can either be issued by coderunning on the SPU, or by code running on another processor or device,such as the PPE. Code running on the associated SPU executes a series ofchannel instructions to issue an MFC command. Code running on otherprocessors or devices performs a series of memory mapped I/O (MMIO)transfers to issue an MFC command to an SPE. The commands issued arequeued to one of the command queues 270 and 280.

In general, commands can be queued using MMIO registers of the MFCregisters unit 250, or through channel instructions executed by theassociated SPU. The MMIO method is intended for use by the PPE tocontrol the transfer of data between main storage and the associatedlocal storage on behalf of the SPE. MFC commands that transfer data arereferred to as MFC DMA commands. The data transfer direction for MFC DMAcommands is always referenced from the perspective of an SPE. Therefore,commands that transfer data into an SPE (from main storage to localstorage) are considered get commands, while commands that transfer dataout of an SPE (from local storage to main storage) are considered putcommands.

Commands that transfer data are referred to as MFC DMA commands. Thesecommands are converted into DMA transfers between the local storagedomain and main storage domain. Each MFC can typically support multipleDMA transfers at the same time and can maintain and process multiple MFCcommands. Each MFC DMA data transfer command request involves both alocal storage address (LSA) and an effective address (EA). The localstorage address can directly address only the local storage area of itsassociated SPU. The effective address has a more general application inthat it can reference main storage, including all the SPU local storageareas, if they are aliased into the real address space.

In the above CBE architecture 100, each of the SPUs 140-154 areindividually identifiable via a SPU identification register (SPU_IDR)provided in a memory mapped input/output (MMIO) register associated withthe particular SPU. For example, the SPU_IDR may be provided as part ofa set of SPU privileged facilities in the MFC's registers 250, e.g.,SPU_IDR 295 in FIG. 2.

The SPU_IDR 295 contains a 32-bit value that can be used to distinguishthe SPU from other SPUs in the CBE architecture 100. The contents of theSPU_IDR 295 are accessible to the PPE 110 such that the PPE 110 may readand write to this register 295 in a privileged manner while the SPUs arenot able to read or write to the SPU_IDR 295.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary diagram illustrating the contents of the SPU_IDRin accordance with one illustrative embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3, thefirst 32 bits, i.e. bits 0-31, of the SPU_IDR are reserved and are setto zeros. The last 32 bits, i.e. bits 32-63, are used to store a 32 bitvalue that distinguishes the SPU from other SPUs in the system. Accesstype to the SPU_IDR is read/write for the PPE 110, but access to thisregister from the SPUs is not provided.

In the CBE architecture, the SPU_IDR value is used as a means foridentifying a starting address for the local store associated with thatSPU. That is, the local stores 163-170 may be provided as separatememory regions of a single memory array that are apportioned to each ofthe SPUs 140-154. The SPU_IDR value may be used to perform thisapportionment by setting a starting address for the SPU's apportionedmemory region.

The starting address for the local store associated with the SPU isfurther based on the local store size to be apportioned to each of theSPUs 140-154. A local store size register, which also may be provided aspart of the MFC registers 250 for example, may store a local store sizevalue for the SPUs 140-154. Based on this local store size and theSPU_IDR value, a starting address is calculated for the local store fora particular SPU. For example, in one illustrative embodiment, thestarting address for the local store of a SPU is calculated using thefollowing equation:

SPE_LS_start_address=SPU_NUM*LS_SIZE+BP_BASE

where SPU_NUM is the number of the SPU stored in the SPU_IDR value,LS_SIZE is the local store size value stored in the local store sizeregister, and BP_BASE is the base register address for local storeregisters. Thus, if two or more SPUs SPU_IDR values are set to the samevalue, and the local store size for the two or more SPUs are the same,then the starting address for local store associated with these two ormore SPUs will be the same. As a result, the two or more SPUs will beable to read from the same memory region, i.e. an aliased memory region,starting at the designated starting address determined based on the SPUnumber, local store size, and base register address.

In this way, by writing instructions/data to this aliased memory region,the instructions/data may be read by a plurality of SPUs, therebybroadcasting the instructions/data to the SPUs. This is especiallyuseful in the CBE architecture since the bus architecture does notitself support broadcasting of instructions/data to the SPUs. Rather,the bus architecture is constructed so that each of the SPUs areindividually identifiable and may be provided with different sets ofinstructions/data. However, as illustrated above, while the busarchitecture does not permit broadcasting of instructions/data, the CBEarchitecture itself supports broadcasting through manipulation of theSPU_IDRs in the manner set forth by the illustrative embodiments.

The illustrative embodiments provide a system and method forbroadcasting instructions/data to a plurality of processors, e.g., SPUs140-154, in a multiprocessor device, such as a CBE architecturesystem-on-a-chip as depicted in FIG. 1. The illustrative embodimentsmake use of the SPU_IDR as a means for aliasing a memory region so thata plurality of SPUs read instructions/data from this same aliased memoryregion. The PPE 110 is provided with a broadcast engine and SPU_IDRconfiguration storage. The broadcast engine is responsible for writingto selected SPU_IDRs for SPUs to which instructions/data are to bebroadcast to thereby set the values of these SPU_IDRs to a same value.The broadcast engine writes the original values for these SPU_IDRs tothe SPU_IDR configuration storage so that they may be later restoredafter broadcasting of the instructions/data.

The broadcast engine is further responsible for writing theinstructions/data to an aliased memory region that is accessible by theselected SPUs. Once the broadcast of the instructions/data is complete,the broadcast engine restores the SPU_IDR values stored in the SPU_IDRconfiguration storage to the various SPU_IDRs so that normal operationof the CBE system-on-a-chip may be resumed.

Thus, the broadcast engine temporarily sets a plurality of SPUs to asame SPU identifier and writes instructions/data to an aliased memoryregion that is accessible by SPUs having the same SPU identifier. Thebroadcast engine then sets the SPUs to their original SPU identifiersand resumes normal operation of the multiprocessor device.

FIGS. 4A-4C are exemplary diagrams illustrating a mechanism forbroadcasting data to a plurality of processors in a multiprocessorsystem in accordance with one illustrative embodiment. The illustrativeembodiments shown in FIGS. 4A-4C make use of three SPUs and theircorresponding local store memory regions for simplicity. It should beappreciated that any number of SPUs may be used with the illustrativeembodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the presentinvention. For example, as shown in FIG. 1 above, seven SPUs may beprovided and thus, seven local store memory regions may be utilized inone illustrative embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 4A, during normal operation, the PPE 410 writesinstructions and data to various memory regions, i.e. local stores, forthe various SPUs. Thus, instructions and/or data that are to beprocessed by SPU0 are written to the local store memory region for SPU0,instructions and/or data that are to be processed by SPU1 are written tothe local store memory region for SPU1, and so on.

Each SPU0-SPU2 has an associated SPU_IDR 420-424 designating theidentification of the SPU, e.g., 0, 1 and 2. The local store memoryregion for each SPU is defined by a starting address and local storesize. The starting address is determined based on the SPU identifier,e.g., 0, 1, or 2, the local store size, and the base register address BPbase. Thus, the local store for SPU0 has a starting address at BP_base(i.e., 0*LS_size+BP_base), the local store for SPU1 has a startingaddress at LS_size+BP_base (i.e., 1*LS_size+BP_base), and the startingaddress for the local store for SPU2 is at 2LS_size+BP base. Each SPUmay read and write instructions/data from and to the local store memoryregion corresponding to their respective start address and local storesize.

As shown in FIG. 4B, when a broadcast of instructions/data is to beperformed, the broadcast engine 412 of the PPE 410 may select the SPUsto which the instructions/data are to be broadcast, which may be all ofthe SPUs or a select subset of the SPUs, and may store their originalSPU_IDR values in an SPU_IDR configuration storage 414. The broadcastengine 412 may then write a common SPU identifier to the SPU_IDRs of theselected SPUs. For example, the broadcast engine 412 may write a SPU0identifier to the SPU_IDRs 420 and 422 for SPUs 0 and 1 to thereby causeboth SPUs to operate as if they were the same SPU, i.e. SPU0.

As a result, when the SPUs 0 and 1 attempt to read from their localstore memory region, both SPUs read from the same local store memoryregion starting at the start address corresponding to SPU0, i.e. thelocal store memory region staring at a starting address of BP_base (i.e.0*LS_size+BP_base). In this way, the same local store memory region isaliased between two or more SPUs.

Once the selected SPUs are reconfigured to have the same value stored inthe SPU_IDRS, the broadcast engine 414 may write instructions/data to bebroadcast to the selected SPUs into the local store memory regioncorresponding to the common SPU_IDR value. When the selected SPUs, e.g.,SPU0 and SPU1, read from their local store memory region, the will bothread from this aliased local store memory region to which the broadcastinstructions/data have been written and thus, both SPUs will receive thesame instructions/data to be processed. Hence, the instructions/datahave been broadcast to a plurality of SPUs even though the busarchitecture does not, in itself, support broadcasts ofinstructions/data.

After the broadcast instructions/data have been read by the selectedSPUs, which may be determined by use of synchronization instructionsprovided in the CBE architecture, the SPU_IDR value must be returned totheir original values in order to resume normal operation of the system.As shown in FIG. 4C, in order to resume normal operation, the broadcastengine 412 of the PPE 410 reads in the original SPU_IDR values from theSPU_IDR configuration storage 414 and writes these original values backto their respective SPU_IDRs 420 and 422. In this way, the startingaddresses of the local store memory regions are returned to their normalvalues. Thereafter, instructions and data are written to local storememory regions in the same manner as described above with regard to FIG.4A and the SPUs read and write to these local store memory regions in anormal fashion as described above with regard to FIG. 4A.

Thus, the illustrative embodiments provide a mechanism for aliasing amemory region so that it is accessed by a plurality of processors in amultiprocessor system. Instructions and data that are to be broadcast tothe plurality of processors may be written to this aliased memory regionso that the plurality of processors may read the instructions and dataand process them. The aliasing of the memory region may be achieved bysetting the starting address for the memory regions associated with theplurality of processors to be the same starting address. Setting thestarting address to a same value for a plurality of processors may beachieved by setting the processors' identifiers to be a same value. Inthis way, the processors act as if they are the same processor forpurpose of broadcasting instructions/data, even though they are actuallyseparate processors in a multiprocessor system.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart outlining an exemplary operation for broadcastingdata to a plurality of processors in a multiprocessor system. It will beunderstood that each block of the flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the flowchart illustration, can be implementedby computer program instructions. These computer program instructionsmay be provided to a processor or other programmable data processingapparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions which executeon the processor or other programmable data processing apparatus createmeans for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block orblocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in acomputer-readable memory or storage medium that can direct a processoror other programmable data processing apparatus to function in aparticular manner, such that the instructions stored in thecomputer-readable memory or storage medium produce an article ofmanufacture including instruction means which implement the functionsspecified in the flowchart block or blocks.

Accordingly, blocks of the flowchart illustration support combinationsof means for performing the specified functions, combinations of stepsfor performing the specified functions and program instruction means forperforming the specified functions. It will also be understood that eachblock of the flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purposehardware-based computer systems which perform the specified functions orsteps, or by combinations of special purpose hardware and computerinstructions.

As shown in FIG. 5, the operation starts with an initiation of abroadcast operation by a control processor, such as the PPE (step 510).The initiation of the broadcast operation may be performed, for example,in response to the operating system, an application, or the like,indicating that the same instructions/data should be provided to aplurality of processors within the multiprocessor system. A specificbroadcast instruction may be provided for identifying the need tobroadcast instructions/data to a plurality of processors within amultiprocessor system.

A broadcast engine associated with the control processor determineswhich processors within the multiprocessor system are to receive thebroadcast instructions/data (step 520). In some illustrativeembodiments, broadcasting of instructions/data is always performed toall of the processors, or co-processors, within the multiprocessorsystem. In other illustrative embodiments, broadcasting may be performedwith regard to a select subset of processors within the multiprocessorsystem. In the latter case, this determination of which processors areto receive the broadcast instructions/data may be made, for example, bythe control processor (PPE). Processors which are to receive thebroadcast data may be mapped into a singular address space whereasprocessors meant to continue there normal operation may be leftuntouched.

The broadcast engine then retrieves the current identifier values forthese processors stored in their respective memory mapped input/outputidentification registers (step 530). These original identifier valuesare stored, by the broadcast engine, in a configuration storage forlater use in returning the system to a normal operational state (step540). The broadcast engine may then write a common identifier to each ofthe identifier registers associated with the selected processors towhich broadcast instructions/data are to be sent (step 550). Asdescribed previously, because the identifiers for processors are used toidentify the starting address of the memory regions associated with theindividual processors, by setting the identifiers to a commonidentifier, this process essentially points all of the processors to thesame memory region thereby aliasing the memory region for use by all ofthe selected processors.

The broadcast engine may then write the instructions/data to bebroadcast to the memory region designated by the starting addresscorresponding to the common identifier written to the identifierregisters of the selected processors (step 560). The selected processorsmay then read the instructions/data from the aliased memory region (step570). The broadcast engine may then retrieve the original identifiervalues from the configuration storage (step 580) and write theseoriginal values back to the appropriate identifier registers (step 590).Thereafter, normal operation of the system is resumed (step 600) and theprocess terminates.

It should be noted that, after setting the starting address for each ofthe processors to the common starting address using the commonidentifier, a problem may exist for returning the system to a normaloperation since a plurality of processors are all associated with thesame address region. Thus, if an original identifier is written to thisaddress region in order to reset the identifier of a processor back toits original value, all of the processors keyed to that address regionwill be reset to this original value. Therefore, it is necessary to beable to isolate each processor when returning to normal operation.

One way in which such isolation may be performed is by providing aprivileged address area, such as the MMIO registers that store theSPU_IDR, separate and independent from the local store that store theSPU_IDR values for the SPEs. This can be done by allowingimplementations to have an offset register which allow the privilegedarea to be staggered for each processor rather than having these MMIOregisters being part of the address area for the local store. In thisway, while the redirection of the processors to the same local storestarting address for broadcast purposes will affect the local storeaddress area, the privileged address area is not affected by thisredirection and can be independently written to by a privilegedprocessor, e.g., the PPE, in order to change the identifier of theprocessors. The process may also be done by allowing for the privilegedarea to have a base register in a similar manner to the base register ofthe local store. Thus, by writing to the SPU_IDR that is providedindependently of the local storage address area, the mechanisms of theillustrative embodiments may modify the starting addresses for each ofthe processors in order to perform broadcasts and return the system to anormal mode of operation.

In an alternative implementation, power management mechanisms may beused to implement the modification and return of the processoridentifier values. For example, a processor may be placed in a StateRetained and Isolated (SRI) mode of operation in which all access to theprocessor are inhibited. In this SRI mode of operation, the stateremaining on the processor is retained. This SRI mode may be used toturn on tholds to an individual processor which essentially “shut off”the processor with regard to the rest of the system. With tholds on, theprocessor will not respond to the EIB.

Using such a power management mechanism, in order to undo the broadcastmode of operation, one would “turn off” all of the processors thatrequire their identifier to be returned to an original value, using theSRI mode of operation, except for one of the processors. A writeoperation may be performed to the common address area corresponding tothe common identifier. The one processor that remains active may readthis original identifier value and have its associated identifierregister set to the original identifier value to thereby change theidentifier of the one processor that remains active back to its originalvalue. This process is then repeated for each of the processors thatrequire their identifier to be returned to the original value until allof these processors have their associated identifiers returned to theiroriginal values.

While the illustrative embodiments may make use of either one, or acombination of, these mechanisms, it should be appreciated that theillustrative embodiments are not limited to these mechanisms formodifying a processor identifier and returning a processor identifier toits original value. To the contrary, any suitable manner forimplementing the modification and return of the values of the processoridentifiers is intended to be within the spirit and scope of the presentinvention.

Thus, in view of the above, the illustrative embodiments provide amechanism for broadcasting instructions/data to a plurality ofprocessors in a multiprocessor system, such as the CBE system-on-a-chip.The illustrative embodiments provide a mechanism for aliasing a memoryregion for use by a plurality of processors such that theinstructions/data stored in the aliased memory region may be read byeach of the processors for processing. In this way, instructions and/ordata may be broadcast to a selected set of processors without requiringthe bus architecture to support broadcast transmissions ofinstructions/data.

The illustrative embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardwareembodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containingboth hardware and software elements. In a preferred embodiment, theinvention is implemented in software, which includes but is not limitedto firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.

Furthermore, the illustrative embodiments may take the form of acomputer program product accessible from a computer-usable orcomputer-readable medium providing program code for use by or inconnection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For thepurposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readablemedium may be any apparatus that may contain, store, communicate,propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with theinstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

The medium may be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic,infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or apropagation medium. Examples of a computer-readable medium include asemiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computerdiskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), arigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of opticaldisks include compact disk—read only memory (CD-ROM), compactdisk—read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD.

As described previously above, a data processing system suitable forstoring and/or executing program code will include at least oneprocessor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through asystem bus. The memory elements may include local memory employed duringactual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memorieswhich provide temporary storage of at least some program code in orderto reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storageduring execution.

Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards,displays, pointing devices, etc.) may be coupled to the system eitherdirectly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters mayalso be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system tobecome coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers orstorage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems,cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently availabletypes of network adapters.

The description of the present invention has been presented for purposesof illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Theembodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention, the practical application, and to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

1. A method, in a multiprocessor system, for broadcasting data to aplurality of processors, comprising: modifying, for each processor ofthe plurality of processors, a starting address for a memory regionassigned to the processor to be a common starting address for each ofthe plurality of processors; writing data to be broadcast to theplurality of processors to a memory region corresponding to the commonstarting address; and modifying, for each processor of the plurality ofprocessors, the starting address for the memory region assigned to theprocessor to be an original starting address that is not common amongthe plurality of processors after writing the data to be broadcast tothe memory region corresponding to the common starting address.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the plurality of processors are a subset ofall of the processors in the multiprocessor system.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein modifying the starting address for a memory regioncomprises: writing to an identifier register associated with aprocessor, a common identifier value, wherein the common identifiervalue is the same for each of the processors in the plurality ofprocessors.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the starting address isdetermined by the following relationship:starting address=identifier*size+base_offset where the identifier is anidentifier value for a processor provided in an identifier registerassociated with the processor, size is a size of a memory regionassociated with the processor, and base_offset is an offset addressvalue for a first memory region.
 5. The method of claim 3, whereinmodifying, for each processor of the plurality of processors, thestarting address for the memory region assigned to the processor to bean original starting address that is not common among the plurality ofprocessors comprises: providing the identifier register associated withthe processor as independent of the memory region associated with theprocessor; and writing an original identifier value to the identifierregister to thereby modify the starting address for the memory regionassigned to the processor to be the original starting address.
 6. Themethod of claim 3, wherein modifying, for each processor of theplurality of processors, the starting address for the memory regionassigned to the processor to be an original starting address that is notcommon among the plurality of processors comprises: placing all of theprocessors in the plurality of processors into a State Retained andIsolated (SRI) mode of operation except for one processor; writing anoriginal identifier value to the memory region associated with theprocessors; and causing the one processor to read the originalidentifier value and set its identifier value in the identifier registerto the original identifier value; and iteratively repeating the placing,writing, and causing steps such that each processor in the plurality ofprocessors has its identifier value returned to an original identifiervalue.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the multiprocessor system is amultiprocessor system having a control processor and a plurality ofco-processors, and wherein the plurality of co-processors constitute theplurality of processors.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein themultiprocessor system is a heterogeneous multiprocessor system in whichthe plurality of co-processors operate using a different instruction setfrom the control processor.
 9. A computer program product comprising acomputer useable medium having a computer readable program, wherein thecomputer readable program, when executed on a multiprocessor computingdevice having a plurality of processors, causes the multiprocessorcomputing device to: modify, for each processor of the plurality ofprocessors, a starting address for a memory region assigned to theprocessor to be a common starting address for each of the plurality ofprocessors; write data to be broadcast to the plurality of processors toa memory region corresponding to the common starting address; andmodify, for each processor of the plurality of processors, the startingaddress for the memory region assigned to the processor to be anoriginal starting address that is not common among the plurality ofprocessors, after the data to be broadcast is written to the memoryregion corresponding to the common starting address.
 10. The computerprogram product of claim 9, wherein the plurality of processors are asubset of all of the processors in the multiprocessor computing device.11. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein the computerreadable program causes the multiprocessor computing device to modifythe starting address for a memory region by: writing to an identifierregister associated with a processor, a common identifier value, whereinthe common identifier value is the same for each of the processors inthe plurality of processors.
 12. The computer program product of claim11, wherein the starting address is determined by the followingrelationship:starting address=identifier*size+base_offset where the identifier is anidentifier value for a processor provided in an identifier registerassociated with the processor, size is a size of a memory regionassociated with the processor, and base_offset is an offset addressvalue for a first memory region.
 13. The computer program product ofclaim 11, wherein the computer readable program causes themultiprocessor computing device to modify, for each processor of theplurality of processors, the starting address for the memory regionassigned to the processor to be an original starting address that is notcommon among the plurality of processors by: providing the identifierregister associated with the processor as independent of the memoryregion associated with the processor; and writing an original identifiervalue to the identifier register to thereby modify the starting addressfor the memory region assigned to the processor to be the originalstarting address.
 14. The computer program product of claim 11, whereinthe computer readable program causes the multiprocessor computing deviceto modify, for each processor of the plurality of processors, thestarting address for the memory region assigned to the processor to bean original starting address that is not common among the plurality ofprocessors by: placing all of the processors in the plurality ofprocessors into a State Retained and Isolated (SRI) mode of operationexcept for one processor; writing an original identifier value to thememory region associated with the processors; and causing the oneprocessor to read the original identifier value and set its identifiervalue in the identifier register to the original identifier value; anditeratively repeating the placing, writing, and causing steps such thateach processor in the plurality of processors has its identifier valuereturned to an original identifier value.
 15. A multiprocessor computingsystem, comprising: a control processor; and a plurality ofco-processors coupled to the control processor, wherein the controlprocessor: modifies, for each co-processor of the plurality ofco-processors, a starting address for a memory region assigned to theco-processor to be a common starting address for each of the pluralityof co-processors; writes data to be broadcast to the plurality ofco-processors to a memory region corresponding to the common startingaddress; and modifies, for each co-processor of the plurality ofco-processors, the starting address for the memory region assigned tothe co-processor to be an original starting address that is not commonamong the plurality of co-processors, after data to be broadcast iswritten to the memory region corresponding to the common startingaddress.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the plurality ofco-processors are a subset of all of the co-processors in themultiprocessor computing system.
 17. The system of claim 15, wherein thecontrol processor modifies the starting address for a memory region by:writing to an identifier register associated with a co-processor in theplurality of co-processors, a common identifier value, wherein thecommon identifier value is the same for each of the co-processors in theplurality of co-processors.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein thestarting address is determined by the following relationship:starting address=identifier*size+base_offset where the identifier is anidentifier value for a co-processor provided in an identifier registerassociated with the co-processor size is a size of a memory regionassociated with the co-processor, and base_offset is an offset addressvalue for a first memory region.
 19. The system of claim 17, wherein thecontrol processor modifies, for each co-processor of the plurality ofco-processors, the starting address for the memory region assigned tothe co-processor to be an original starting address that is not commonamong the plurality of co-processors by: providing the identifierregister associated with the co-processor as independent of the memoryregion associated with the co-processor; and writing an originalidentifier value to the identifier register to thereby modify thestarting address for the memory region assigned to the co-processor tobe the original starting address.
 20. A method, in a multiprocessorsystem, for broadcasting data to a plurality of processors having ashared memory, comprising: modifying, for each processor of theplurality of processors, a starting address for a memory region, in theshared memory, assigned to the processor, such that each of theplurality of processors has a common starting address in the sharedmemory; writing data to the memory region identified by the commonstarting address, thereby broadcasting the data to the plurality ofprocessors; and in response to writing data to the memory regionidentified by the common starting address, modifying, for eachprocessors, the starting address for the memory region assigned to theprocessor, such that each processor has a unique starting address in theshared memory.